After failing to draft a constitution before the deadline, the existing Constituent Assembly was dissolved[by whom?] (28 May 2012) and a new interim government (2013-2014) formed under the Prime-Ministership of the Chief Justice of Nepal, Supreme Court judge Khil Raj Regmi. In the Constituent Assembly election of November 2013 the Nepali Congress won the largest share of the votes but failed to get a majority. The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (CPN (UML)) and the Nepali Congress negotiated to form a consensus government, and Sushil Koirala of the Nepali Congress was elected as Prime Minister (February 2014) with support from the CPN (UML).

The Oxidation Event

For the first half of Earth's history, there was hardly any oxygen in the air. But then some bacteria began harnessing sunlight to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water, just like green plants today. These microbes pumped out oxygen as a waste product, creating the oxygen-rich atmosphere we have today. But the first oxygen may have caused the entire planet to freeze over into a 'Snowball Earth', by stripping the greenhouse gas methane from the air.

Protests over the Constitution of 2015
Minority ethnic groups like Madhesi and Tharu have protested vigorously against the constitution which came into effect on September 20, 2015.[24] They point out that their concerns have not been addressed and there are few explicit protections for their ethnic groups in the document. At least 56 civilians and 11 police died in clashes over the draft constitution.[25] In response to the Madhesi protests, India suspended vital supplies to landlocked Nepal, citing insecurity and violence in border areas.[26] It has been alleged[by whom?] that India's denial of petroleum and medicine to Nepal constituted a violation of human rights.[27] Then Prime Minister of Nepal, Oli, publicly accused India for the Blockade calling the act more inhuman than war.[28] India has denied enacting the blockade.[29]

Endosymbiosis

The first organisms were simple cells like modern bacteria, but some of them became much more internally complex. These 'eukaryotes' developed lots of specialised equipment within their cells. They also had a new source of energy: sausage-shaped objects called mitochondria that were once free-living bacteria, but which were absorbed in a process called endosymbiosis. Every animal and plant you've ever seen is a eukaryote.

The First ***

Between 1.8 billion and 800 million years ago, the fossil record looks fairly dull – so much so that the period is called the 'Boring Billion'. But behind the scenes plenty was happening. For one thing *** may have evolved for the first time. It's not clear why, or when, some organisms stopped simply dividing in two and started the messy business of ***. But it was definitely going on 1.2 billion years ago: there are fossils of red algae from that time that were clearly forming specialised *** cells such as spores.

See also
Daudaha System(Nepal)
Anglo-Nepalese War
Sino-Nepalese War
History of Asia
Pokhara
Paudhur
Biratnagar
History of Kathmandu
History of the Indian subcontinent
History of Sikkim
List of monarchs of Nepal
Politics of Nepal
Human rights in Nepal
Prime Minister of Nepal
Sugauli Treaty
References

Multicellular Life

For the first time, life was not just made up of single cells. Now cells were teaming up to form larger organisms with things like mouths, limbs and sense organs. It's hard to say when this happened: there are fossils of large organisms dating back 2.1 billion years, but these may simply have been colonies of bacteria. Different groups of organisms probably evolved multicellularity independently, with plants managing it before animals.

Snowball Earth

Earth froze over again, twice, in the space of 200 million years. The ice may well have stretched all the way from the poles to the equator. This second Snowball period may have triggered the evolution of the first complex animals. The first complex organisms, weird tube- and frond-shaped things called the Ediacarans, appeared soon after.

The Cambrian Explosion

Soon after animals evolved, evolution went through two major growth spurts. In the Cambrian Explosion, it seems almost every group of modern animals appeared within tens of millions of years. This apparent 'explosion' may be partly down to better fossilisation, as many animals now had hard shells. Then 489 million years ago, each animal group expanded in the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.

Plants Colonise The Land

Some animals ventured onto land as far back as 500 million years ago, but they only visited briefly – perhaps to lay eggs in a place without predators. Plants were the first to take up permanent residence on land. The first land plants were relatives of green algae, but they rapidly diversified.

The First Mass Extinction

The Ordovician period was a time when life flourished. But towards its end, the world cooled dramatically and ice sheets spread from the poles. The ensuing ice age is called the Andean-Saharan, because the evidence of it comes from the Andes mountains and the Sahara desert. The deep freeze led to the second-worst mass extinction on record, the Ordovician-Silurian. Most life was still confined to the sea, and 85% of marine species were wiped out. In the aftermath, fish became much more common.

From Fins To Legs

With plants well-established on land, the next step was for animals to move out of the water. Insects were among the first, around 400 million years ago. But they were followed soon after by big, backboned animals such as Tiktaalik, a fish that looked a bit like a salamander. Fish like Tiktaalik would eventually evolve four limbs, and give rise to amphibians, reptiles and mammals. It may be a good thing it left the water when it did, as soon afterwards the Late Devonian Extinction wiped out many marine animals, including some terrifying-looking armoured fish.

The Dawn Of The Reptiles

When the first reptiles appeared, Earth was in the middle of a long cold snap called the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. Reptiles evolved from newt-like amphibians. Unlike their ancestors they had tough, scaly skin and laid eggs with hard shells that did not have to be left in water. Thanks to these advantages, they quickly became the dominant land animals. The reptile-like Dimetrodon reached 4.5m long – but despite what you may have heard, it was not a dinosaur.

Pangaea

For the last time, all Earth's continents came together to form one giant supercontinent. Known as Pangaea, it was surrounded by a world-spanning ocean called Panthalassa. It lasted until 175 million years ago, when it began to tear itself apart over tens of millions of years. Its shattered remnants became the familiar modern continents.

Permian Extinction

Just as the reptiles were flourishing, life on Earth faced perhaps its greatest challenge. The Permian extinction was the worst mass extinction in the planet's history, obliterating up to 96% of marine species and similar numbers of land animals. We don't know for sure what caused it, but massive volcanic eruptions – creating what is now the Siberian Traps – may have been to blame. In the aftermath, the first dinosaurs evolved.

Bhattarai, Krishna P. (2008). Nepal. New York: Chelsea House. p. 12. ISBN 9781438105239.
Shaha, Rishikesk (1992). Ancient and medieval nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9788185425696.
Shrestha, Nanda R. (2002). Nepal and Bangladesh. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 22. ISBN 9781576072851.
"The Prehistory of Nepal" (PDF).
Krishna P. Bhattarai (2009). Nepal. Infobase publishing. ISBN 9781438105239.
Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal. KW Publishers Pvt Ltd

The First Mammals

At the same time that the dinosaurs were spreading and diversifying, the first mammals evolved. Their ancestors were reptiles called cynodonts, whose faces looked a little like those of dogs and may have had fur or whiskers. Early mammals such as Morganucodon were small and shrew-like, and probably only active at night. This may have spurred them to evolve warm-bloodedness: the ability to keep their body temperature constant.

The Triassic Extinction

The dinosaurs were flourishing on land, and in the sea giant reptiles called ichthyosaurs had become the top predators. Then another disaster struck. We’re not sure what caused the Triassic extinction, but it killed off around 80% of species. In the aftermath, the dinosaurs became the dominant land animals and eventually reached titanic sizes. The biggest species whose mass is accurately known, Dreadnoughtus schrani, weighed about 59 tonnes.